< div class=" SectionLevel2" > < p class=" subsec1 cdone2" > < span class=" Head3 cdone" > 1.1< / span> & #x00a0 This practice covers procedures for least cost (life cycle) analysis (LCA) of materials, systems, or structures proposed for use in the construction of concrete culvert, storm sewer, and sanitary sewer systems.

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< span class=" note cdone" style=" text-transform: uppercase " > Note 1:< / span> & #x00a0 < span class=" note cdone" > As intended in this practice, examples of analyses include, but are not limited to the following: (< span style=" font-style:italic font-weight:normal " class=" overriddenformat" > 1< / span> ) materials-pipe linings and coatings, concrete wall thicknesses, cements, additives, etc. (< span style=" font-style:italic font-weight:normal " class=" overriddenformat" > 2< / span> ) systems-circular pipe, box sections, multiple lines, force mains, etc. and (< span style=" font-style:italic font-weight:normal " class=" overriddenformat" > 3< / span> ) structures-wet and dry wells, pump and lift stations, etc.< / span>

< / div> < / div> < div class=" SectionLevel2" > < p class=" subsec1 cdone2" > < span class=" Head3 cdone" > 1.2< / span> & #x00a0 The LCA method includes costs associated with planning, engineering, construction (bid price), maintenance, rehabilitation, replacement, and cost deductions for any residual value at the end of the proposed project design life.

< / div> < div class=" SectionLevel2" > < p class=" subsec1 cdone2" > < span class=" Head3 cdone" > 1.3< / span> & #x00a0 For each material, system, or structure, the LCA method determines in present value constant dollars, the total of all initial and future costs over the project design life, and deducts any residual value.

< / div> < div class=" SectionLevel2" > < p class=" subsec1 cdone2" > < span class=" Head3 cdone" > 1.4< / span> & #x00a0 Major factors in the LCA method include project design life, service life, and relevant interest and inflation rates.

< / div> < div class=" SectionLevel2" > < p class=" WTOcaveat cdone2" > < span class=" Head3 cdone" > 1.5< / span> & #x00a0 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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